Osmolarity Concentration and Sucrose Solutions Essay Example

Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions Paper Estimating Similarity by Change in Weight By: Sounds Kali 27 February 2012 TA- Ashley Hint Biology AAA-section 002 Abstract: My group and I conducted the experiment that estimates similarity by change in weight of potato tubers, this was conducted in order to explore the process of diffusion and osmosis and more importantly to investigate the question of Does different concentrations of sucrose solutions have an effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? In this experiment we estimated the similarity of potato tuber cores by submersing different potato cores into sucrose solutions of 0. 0-0. M, and weighing the potato. The results showed the weight of the potato tubers had the highest percent change in weight meaning that they weighed more than the initial weight in sucrose solutions from 0. 0-0. MM; it also showed that sucrose concentrations from 0. 4-0. MM the weight of the potato tubers decreased. My group and concluded that the similarity Of the potato was about 0. MM since the weight of the potato decreased by about -1. 3%. Which was the closest value to the initial weight Of the potato tuber. We also found that the potato was hypersonic to sucrose solutions of 0. 0-0. MM and hypotonic to 0. MM. Introduction: Diffusion and osmosis are two types of passive transport. Diffusion is a random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. According to the book Biological Sciences, Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs when solutions are separated by a membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not to Others, that is, a selectively permeable membrane (Scott 2011). To further explore the process of diffusion and osmosis, we conducted an experiment that would demonstrate these processes and also investigate the question of do different concentrations of sucrose solutions have n effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? In my groups experiment our goal was to estimate the similarity of potato tubers from weight change. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The hypothesis for this experiment was, Miff the concentration of the sucrose solutions in which the potato cylinders are in is changed, then hypothesize that the final weight of the potato will also change. And the prediction that my group and I formed was ;TFH the weight if the potato tuber changes when submerged in different sucrose concentrations, then I predict the weight change will decrease as the sucrose concentration increases. In my groups experiment, several toot tubers were tested in different sucrose solutions ranging trot 0. 0-0. 6 M. The potato tubers were then submerged into all the solutions to test similarity and to see what would happen to its mass if they were in different sucrose solutions. To fully understand the purpose and understand the results obtained there were three major concepts important to know, they are hypersonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. According to the journal The American Biology Teacher, An isotonic solution is when the solute concentration inside a system is equality to the solute concentration outside of a system, thus resulting in no net change of diffusion. In a hypersonic solution, the solute concentration outside of a system is larger than the solute concentration Within a System, so water diffuses out of the system to attempt to even out the ratio disparity; this results in the system shrinking in mass (Marvel, Keeper 2009). In a hypotonic solution however, the solute concentration is greater within the system than outside Of the system, so water diffuses into the system; this results in the system being bloated. Materials and Methods: The materials that my group and I used in our experiment was 1 large potato, a cork borer this is necessary to obtain seven potato tuber cylinders. Forceps were needed and a balance that weighs to the nearest 0. Egg, a Petri dish, razor blade, paper towels, ruler, calculator, and also necessary for the experiment to work was sucrose solutions from 0. 1-0. 6 molar. Denizen water was used to represent 0. 0 molar in our experiment and seven ml plastic cups. First, my group and I obtained ml of denizen water and ml of each of the sucrose solutions and put each solution in separate and labeled ml paper cups. Then by using a cork borer we obtained seven cylinders tort the potato by pushing the borer through the length of the potato and removing the potato room the borer. Making sure none of the cylinders were damaged, we modified the length of each cylinder to SMS and repeated this step seven times until we had a total of seven undamaged cylinders of equal length with the peels removed from each length using a razor blade. We then placed all seven cylinders into a Petri dish and kept them covered to prevent from drying out. Before weighing each of the cylinders we placed each one between folds of a napkin to blot out the sides and ends and then weighed them individually to the nearest hundredths of a gram on the balance. After doing this step we recorded he results in our table. After weighing the potato cylinders we immediately placed each in different molar solutions starting With 0. MM through 0. MM. After the cylinders were submersed in the cups eve recorded the time witch was 3:20 PRNG_ We then took the cylinders out Of their solutions at 4:pm and calculated the incubation time to be lour 10 minutes. The instructions said to leave for I . 5 hours to 2 hours but due to time constraints we took them out a little earlier. After removing the cylinders from each sample we blotted each with a paper towel to remove excess solution only. After doing this my group and recorded the final weights of each of the cylinders in the chronological order in which they were initially placed, and recorded it in our table. After recording our data we finally calculated the percent weight change for each of the cylinders. Our group then decided what the variables were and agreed that the independent variable was the concentration of the sucrose solution and the dependent variable was the percent change in weight. This experiment was repeated only once in the given time we had. Results: The osmotic concentration was determined by measuring the percent change n mass of the potato cylinders, Change in mass was measured of seven solutions, each containing different levels of concentration O, 01, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5, and 0. MM. The percent change in mass decreased as sucrose concentration increased, therefore, relative osmotic concentration also decreased as sucrose concentration increased. However, the osmotic concentration of 0. 3 M sucrose solution was relatively greater than that of 0. 2 M sucrose solution. In sucrose concentration 0. M, the osmotic concentration decreased almost double from that of 0. 5, and significantly from those of all other sucrose concentrations. The osmotic concentrations were greater than zero in sucrose solutions Of O, 0. 1, 0. 2, and 0. 3 M; these cells were hypotonic, meaning the potato had more solute. The osmotic concentrations were less than zero in sucrose solutions Of 0. 4, 0. 5, and 0. 6 M; these cells were hypersonic, meaning the solutions had less solute. Osmotic concentration decreased as sucrose concentration increased and cells became more concentrated. Table 1: Data for Experiment Estimating Similarity by Change in Weight sucrose Military (M) I O. OIC. 1 10. 210. 310. 4 Final weight (g) 2,2412. 21 12. 0511. 821 Initial weight (g) 2. 0312. 2412. 9 | 2. 06 | weight change (g) 1-0. 31-1. 41 -0241 % change in weights Discussion: When starting this experiment my group and I formulated and agreed upon the hypothesis of *if the concentration of the sucrose solutions in which the potato cylinders are in is changed, then I hypothesize that the final weight of the potato will also change. My group and also agreed upon the prediction of if the weight of the potato tuber changes when submerged in different sucrose concentrations, then I predict the weight change will decrease as the sucrose concentration increases. After conducting the experiment and obtained our exults, we found that our results support our hypothesis and prediction. The experiment supported our prediction because the sucrose solution diffused from areas Of high concentratio n to areas Of low concentration, thus affecting the final weight of potato cylinders when submerged in varying amounts of sucrose concentrations. According to the article Diffusion, Osmosis and Cell Membranes, There are two ways that the molecules in a solution move: passive transport and active transport Active transport requires that the cell use energy that it has obtained from food to move the molecules (or larger particles) through he cell membrane. Passive transport does not require such energy expenditure, and occurs spontaneously (Mishandles BIBB). Because the molecules in the sucrose solutions in our experiment were moving with the gradient meaning they were moving form areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration we found that the moment of the molecules was passive transport. The principle means of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated, In the solutions ranging from 0. 0-0. M the toot acted as the system and the solution concentration inside the system was greater than outside which was the sucrose solution, 50 water diffused into the system (potato) and caused it to become bloated. In the sucrose solutions 0. 4-06 it was hypersonic because the solution concentration was larger than the systems concentration so the cylinder decreased in size. This experiment allowed us to take a closer look at the biological process of life and how and why it works the way it does. This experiment allowed us to a take a deeper look into the mechanisms Of diffusion and osmosis and apply it real life examples. According to the book, Cell and molecular biology: concepts and experiments, When a diluted solution and a concentrated solution are separated by a membrane, there is a net transfer of the solvent from the diluted solution to the concentrated one. Entry Of water into root hairs and movement Of water Within the plant body are good examples of osmosis (Kara 1391). Osmosis plays a significant role in life first, the entry of water in to the roots from the soil takes place by this process, cell to cell diffusion of water is controlled through this process, young cells require turgid condition for their growth which is fulfilled by osmosis, and last turgidity of cells is maintained by the process of osmosis (Kara 1999). A few errors were made in the experiment but none were significant enough to heavily affect our results, For example, the lengths of the individual potato cylinders may have differed slightly; we may have made mistakes when measuring a specific amount of the sucrose concentrations. We also believe that the potato cylinders should have been incubated longer, ours incubated tort 1 hour I Minutes and the instructions said to incubate for at least I hours. For the most part these mistakes seemed to be small and not significant because in he end our prediction and hypothesis was supported. Thought that this was an interesting lab to participate in especially because this experiment has been conducted several times by other biology labs, dont really believe there were any significant weaknesses to our experiment except maybe the time.

The 10 Worst Natural Disasters in World History

The 10 Worst Natural Disasters in World History All of the worst disasters in recorded history have been natural disasters - earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, and floods. Natural Hazard vs. Natural Disaster A natural hazard is a naturally-occurring event that poses a threat to human life or property. A natural hazard becomes a natural disaster when it actually takes place, causing significant loss of life and property. The potential impact of a natural disaster depends on the size and location of the event. If the disaster takes place in a heavily populated area, it immediately causes more damage to both life and property. There have been numerous natural disasters in recent history, ranging from the very recent January 2010 earthquake that struck Haiti, final death toll still unknown, to Cyclone Aila, which hit Bangladesh and India in May of 2009, killing approximately 330 people and affecting upwards of 1 million. Top Ten Worst Disasters in the World There is debate as to what the deadliest disasters of all time actually are, due to discrepancies in death tolls, especially with disasters that occurred outside of the last century. Following is a list of ten of the deadliest disasters in recorded history, from lowest to highest estimated death toll. 10. Aleppo Earthquake (Syria 1138) - 230,000 dead 9. Indian Ocean Earthquake/Tsunami (Indian Ocean 2004) - 230,000 dead 8. Haiyun Earthquake (China 1920) - 240,000 dead 7. Tangshan Earthquake (China 1976) - 242,000 dead 6. Antioch Earthquake (Syria and Turkey 526) - 250,000 dead 5. India Cyclone (India 1839) - 300,000 dead 4. Shaanxi Earthquake (China 1556) - 830,000 dead 3. Bhola Cyclone (Bangladesh 1970) - 500,000-1,000,000 dead 2. Yellow River Flood (China 1887) - 900,000-2,000,000 dead 1. Yellow River Flood (China 1931) - 1,000,000-4,000,000 dead Current State of World Disasters Every day, geologic processes are taking place that can disrupt the current equilibrium and produce natural disasters. These events are generally only catastrophic, however, if they take place in an area where they affect human populations. Advances have been made in predicting such events; however, there are very few instances of well-documented prediction. There is often a relationship between past events and future events and some areas are more prone to natural disasters (​floodplains, on fault lines, or in areas previously destroyed), but the fact remains that we cannot predict or control natural events, therefore, we remain vulnerable to the threat of natural hazards and the impacts of natural disasters.

COPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COPD - Essay Example The diagnosis of the last visit was emphysema that was ruled out from the X-Ray report that indicated an increased AP diameter and hyperinflation of both lungs. However, the patient rejected the endorsed pulmonary function trials and did not want to be admitted in the hospital. She was discharged, and the doctor prescribed antibiotics and inhaler as treatment to enhance her condition. To conclude that the patient suffered from emphysema, it was necessary to carry out the chest X-ray (Cohn & Brower, 2012). The results showed hyperinflation of both lungs that had an enlarged AP diameter. Based on the patient’s complaints the diagnosis of dyspnea and cough is made. For further analysis, pneumonia is a likely illness because of the high fevers of 101 degrees, hence a need to carry out the appropriate tests. In addition, on percussion of her chest a dullness sound was heard which is an indication of pneumonia. In order to confirm the COPD diagnosis and measure the severity of the obstruction, other diagnostic trial, for instance, spirometry is critical (Lam, 2014). On the other hand, the laboratory tests include ÃŽ ±l-antitrypsin and hemoglobin/hematocrit levels. Lack of ÃŽ ±l-antitrypsin is a risk factor for OCPD and the hemoglobin/hematocrit levels determine the extent of hypoxemia. It is also crucial to consider sleeplessness as a diagnosis since the patient suffers from orthopnea. I gained further understanding that COPD consists of emphysema and bronchitis. I also gained insight on the difference between COPD, asthma and pneumonia. In addition, I gained knowledge on the significance of adherence to recommended treatment and physical exercise to limit the continuation of COPD. I also comprehended the different levels of COPD and that taking a balanced diet is paramount in minimizing exacerbations. Moreover, it is important to receive pneumonia vaccines in every five years as well as influenza vaccine annually to avoid